Вівторок, 17 Лютого, 2026

Тромбоз: причини, лікування та профілактика

Нездорове харчування, мала фізична активність, шкідливі звички, надмірна вага, підвищений холестерин, стрес та багато інших факторів є головними причинами розвитку серцево-судинних захворювань, зокрема тромбозу. Яку небезпеку становить такий стан та як цьому запобігти, розглянемо детальніше в матеріалі.

Що таке тромбоз

Тромбоз — це прижиттєве утворення кров’яних згустків. Формування тромбів є нормальним фізіологічним процесом при ушкодженні судин, зупиняючи кровотечу. Головну роль при цьому відіграють тромбоцити, що є одними з трьох основних клітин крові. У кровоносному руслі вони рухаються вздовж судинних стінок, які вистелені шаром особливих епітеліальних клітин — ендотелієм. Саме тому при порушенні цілісності судини, тромбоцити відреагують першими. За допомогою спеціальних білків, клітини з’єднуються між собою та кріпляться до місця пошкодження, перешкоджаючи витіканню крові.

Проте при порушенні біохімічних чи фізіологічних процесів тромбоцити можуть з’єднуватись один з одним й без кровотеч, формуючи тромб. 

Причини тромбозу

Тріада Вірхова пояснює можливі причини тромбозу:

  • склад крові (гіперкоагуляція і тромбофілія);
  • ушкодження судинної стінки (клітин ендотелію);
  • характер кровотоку, його порушення (стаз, турбулентність).

Крім того, додатковими факторами розвитку тромбозу є:

  • травма чи хірургічні втручання;
  • надмірна маса тіла;
  • наявність шкідливих звичок (паління, вживання алкоголю);
  • вживання деяких ліків;
  • вагітність, пологи;
  • недостатнє вживання рідини;
  • мала фізична активність;
  • неправильне харчування.

Лікування тромбозів

Залежно від конкретного діагнозу тромбоз може лікуватись хірургічним чи медикаментозним способом.

При медикаментозному лікуванні застосовують наступні групи препаратів, які можна замовити в Аптека911:

  • Антикоагулянти — зменшують наявні тромби та запобігають згортанню крові, наприклад гепарин чи еноксапарин.
  • Антиагреганти — запобігають склеюванню тромбоцитів між собою. Ефективними є препарати на основі ацетилсаліцилової кислоти.
  • Тромболітичні препарати — розчиняють вже наявні тромби.

Вибір медичних препаратів, схема прийому, дозування залежить від ступеню тяжкості захворювання. Тому необхідно відвідати лікаря, який проведе необхідні дослідження та назначить лікування.

Наслідки тромбозу

Тромби можуть утворюватись у венах та артеріях.

Якщо тромб перекриває артеріальну судину, це призводить до погіршення кровопостачання тканин та органів, що спричиняє порушення їх функцій та у гіршому випадку до некрозу (відмирання).

При наявності тромбу у венозній системі, найчастіше у глибоких венах нижніх кінцівок, він може призвести до важких наслідків. Найбільш серйозним ускладненням є тромбоемболія легеневої артерії, яка виникає внаслідок відриву тромбу та його внесення в легені. Доволі часто це закінчується летальним кінцем. Відрив тромбу може спричинити різкий рух або травма.

Профілактика

Тромбозу та його наслідкам можна та треба запобігти. Активний спосіб життя, регулярні фізичні навантаження, правильне харчування, відмова від шкідливих звичок дотримання режиму праці та відпочинку, особливо для людей, що мають сидячу роботу, допомагають профілактувати не тільки тромбоз, а й багато інших захворювань.

Якщо вже наявні порушення властивостей крові варто регулярно проходити діагностичне обстеження. Також є дієвою вторинна профілактика, що полягає у носінні компресійних панчіх, лежанні з піднятими догори ногами, застосуванні підтримуючої терапії ї антикоагулянтами та антиагрегантами.

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