Воскресенье, 14 июня, 2026

Бой под Винницей 1651 года

Одной из самых известных и масштабных битв под Винницей является бой 1651 года, который возглавил отважный и талантливый Иван Богун. Тогда город обороняли самые сообразительные и смелые воины, пишет сайт yes-vinnytsia.com.ua.

Украинско-польский Зборовский договор, подписанный 18 августа 1649 года, отмечал важный момент в истории Казацкой Украины и Речи Посполитой. Основной целью этого договора являлось сохранение статуса quo. С украинской стороны главной инициативой было установление «отделенной линии» между землями Войска Запорожского и Польши. Эта линия должна была определить границы обеих территорий и урегулировать отношения между казаками и польским королевством. Договор также предусматривал, что Войско Запорожское получило бы определенную автономию и право выбирать своего гетмана, но оставалось под вассальной зависимостью от короля Польши. С этого все и началось.

О главе боя Иване Богуне

Иван Богун – выдающийся военный лидер украинского народа во время борьбы против шляхетской Польши. Этот казацкий рыцарь и полковник Кальницкого полка отличался безграничной отвагой, талантом в военном стратегическом руководстве и высоким мастерством в полевых боях и обороне городов. Иван Богун умело превращал осады в неприступные крепости, защищая свою землю и национальное достоинство.

Достаточно мало сведений сохранилось о жизни Ивана Богуна до событий, предшествовавших началу Великой Освободительной войны украинского народа, когда народ вступил в борьбу за свое социальное и национальное освобождение.

С началом Освободительной войны в 1648 году Иван Богун стал одним из важных сторонников гетмана Богдана Хмельницкого. Согласно «Реестру Войска Запорожского 1649 года», он был внесен среди казаков Чигиринского полка, а его сотня была включена в «кадровый резерв» Хмельницкого, где он учитывался как простой казак. В этот резерв принадлежал, в частности, и Михаил Криса, который был одним из заложников у поляков после битвы под Желтыми водами. Информация также свидетельствует, что Иван Богун был одним из четырех лидеров восстания, которые присоединились к национальному движению весной 1648 перед началом войны. Другие три целида, входившие в эту четверку, это Максим Кривонос, Мартын Пушкарь и Михаил Борохович. В 1650 году благодаря своим организаторским способностям и военному таланту Ивана Богуна был назначен кальницким полковником, а также за значительный вклад в освобождение Украины от польской опрессии.

В 1651 году Иван Богун возглавлял бои на Брацлавщине против отрядов Калиновского и Лянцкоронского. Это были именно те события, которые определили его как выдающегося военачальника.

Во время боев Богун впервые продемонстрировал свои выдающиеся военные способности. Он оставил часть своего войска в городе, тем временем сам отправился на встречу магнату Речи Посполитой Лянцкоронскому вместе с избранной шляхтой. После короткой схватки казаки в панике отступили в укрепленный монастырь с другой стороны реки Буг. Таким образом они заманили конницу Речи Посполитой в ловушку, которую они заранее подготовили. Перед битвой казаки прорубили отверстие во льду реки, заложили его сеном и прикрыли снегом, чтобы эта хитрость осталась невидимой. Сам Лянцкоронский почти оказался в смертельной опасности, однако ему удалось спастись от неизбежной гибели.

О самом бое под Винницей 1651 года

28 февраля в 1651 г. польско-шляхетское войско под командованием Мартына Калиновского приблизилось к Виннице, которое в то время находилось на границе с территорией, где находились польские войска. По сравнению с многочисленным превосходством польско-шляхетского войска, казацкие силы под командованием Ивана Богуна в этом регионе были достаточно ограниченными.

Встреча со значимыми силами врага на пороге Винницы заставила Богуна принять меры по временному задержанию польских войск, ожидая поддержки от Богдана Хмельницкого. В тот же день произошло первое сражение под Винницей. Богун, оставив часть своих казаков в городе, отправился во главе конного отряда встречать вражеские силы, в частности конную авангардную часть, которой руководил Лянцкоронский.

Винницкая битва, состоявшаяся утром 11 марта, была и является важным событием 17 века. Оба войска столкнулись на разных берегах реки Буг вблизи Винницы. Лянцкоронский занимал пригород, включая территорию современного Старого города и замк на острове Кемпа. Напротив Муров выехал отряд казацкой конницы, возглавляемый Иваном Богуном. Сражение началось с островного замка польской конницы, они быстро бросились в атаку. Среди казаков началась паника, и именно в этот момент произошло событие, обычно связываемое с Винницким ледовым побоищем. Отряд Лянцкоронского с двумя хоругвями, Киселем и Мелешком, упал в ловушку, заранее прорубленную во льду, а затем прикрыли снегом, о чем уже упоминалось ранее. Польские воины начали отступать. Они внезапно превратились в беззащитных охотников. Результат битвы был катастрофическим для польской стороны, и она понесла большие потери.

К вечеру 11 марта основные силы Калиновского прибыли из Сутисок. Они тоже привезли с собой пушки. УмеИмея сложность ситуации, Иван Богун, ночью с 11 на 12 марта, поджег город, блокируя все пути в иезуитский монастырь и в свой отряд, который насчитывал три тысячи казаков, и добавив еще столько же мещан. Началась осада Винницы. Казаки и жители города отважно отбивали атаки. Иван Богун лично принял участие в защите замка, что ускорило победу украинской армии.

Чем все кончилось?

18 марта 1651 Самуэль, сын коронного обозного Калиновского, отправляется в направлении Кальника вместе с частью войск. Основная цель этой разведки состоит в проверке, действительно ли на помощь осажденному Ивану Богуну приходит помощь со стороны Богдана Хмельницкого. Через два дня, 20 марта, Самуэль возвращается с нелестными новостями: под Липовцем отряд был разбит уманским полком, под командованием Иосифа Глуха. Другая сила, которую возглавил Мартын Пушкарь, также была замечена в районе Винницы, пришедшей на помощь Богуну.

Польский лагерь запаниковал. Слухи начали распространяться, что Богдан Хмельницкий со своим войском близится. Однако, в честь Калиновского, он принял разумное решение. Утром 21 марта был проведен последний притворный штурм Муров с целью отвлечь внимание Ивана Богуна и не дать ему понять, что подспорье уже приближается.

Эта тактика и мудрость Калиновского помогли сохранить веру в польских военных.

В течение двух недель винницкий полк обнаружил необычайный героизм в отражении атак вражеских сил. Когда полки, отправленные на помощь Богуну, под командованием уманского полковника Иосифа Глуха и полтавского полковника Мартина Пушкаря приблизились к Виннице, польское войско в панике отступило к Каменец-Подольскому. В конце апреля 1651 вместе с корпусом Дмитрия Лысовца, Богун осадил эту крепость. Во время осады и штурма Каменец-Подольского, последним оплотом польского влияния на Подолье, Иван Богун проявил выдающуюся смелость и военное мастерство, благодаря чему украинцы одержали победу.

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