“Льодова пастка Богуна” – подія, що ввійшла в аннали міської історії сімнадцятого століття, ставши однією з найбільш обговорюваних та легендарних. Але чи всі ті миті, які супроводжували оборону Вінниці 11-21 березня 1651 року, є фактами? Чи, можливо, вони були лише витвором публіцистично-літературних фантазій? Історичний контекст цих подій привертає увагу, особливо порівняно з такими важливими етапами, як успішне здобуття вінницькою міщанською громадою Магдебурзького права впродовж 1638-1640 років, пише yes-vinnytsia.com.ua. Аналізуючи цю подію, спробуємо розкрити завісу невизначеності та відділити факти від припущень.
З чого все почалося?
У березні 1651 року вінничани вирішили встати на захист своєї незалежності, вписавши героїчну сторінку в історію українського народу. Обороняючи місто, 3-тисячний козацький полк під керівництвом полковника Івана Богуна взяв верх над 20-тисячним коронним військом у визначальній сутичці.
Все розпочалося у жовтні 1650 року, коли король Ян ІІ Казимир висловив свої наміри щодо наступу на козацькі території. Повідомивши папського представника Джованні де Торреса, він розраховував на придушення “ребеліантів” та початок війни з Туреччиною за венеційські гроші. Але вже після дебатів на сеймі у грудні того ж року, якого вирішив відновити військові дії, гетьман Богдан Хмельницький прагнув уникнути нового кровопролиття. Однак факт поновлення військових дій став проблемою. Козаки не мали можливості вдарити на випередження без татарської підтримки. Це порушило Зборівський договір, але Хмельницький ризикнув, організувавши оборону.
Вперше брацлавський воєвода Станіслав Лянцкоронський намагався захопити прикордонні міста Мурафу та Красне, провокуючи конфлікт. У такий спосіб, у березні 1651 року відбулася епічна битва під Вінницею, де героїчна оборона з 3-тисячного козацького полку виборола перемогу над 20-тисячним коронним військом. Саме тому бій під Вінницею 1651 року став тією сторінкою, яка несе на собі важливий слід в історії боротьби за незалежність України.
“Зимовий похід” Калиновського і смерть Данила Нечая
У стрімкому вирі подій 17 століття, коли український народ перебував у боротьбі за власні території, лютневий ранок 1651 року змінив усе. Саме той день кардинально вплинув на подальше розгортання історії України. Зрозуміло, що Богдан Хмельницький намагався уникнути конфлікту з Польщею, розуміючи, що це призведе до величезних втрат. Утримання армії в зимовий період ставало важким завданням, проте визначальною проблемою став сам факт майбутніх військових дій.
Козацький гетьман ставився до Зборівського договору як до чогось невід’ємного, до такого, що не можна порушувати. Тим часом у Варшаві гетьман Марцін Калиновський активно готувався до «Зимового походу» проти “бунтівного хлопства”, і це не можна було залишити просто так. Під командуванням брацлавського полковника Данила Нечая, козацькі сили перегрупувалися в прикордонних містах, готуючись до зустрічі з полоненими. Проте 19 лютого 1651 року польське військо вирушило з Бару. Трагічна помилка в містечку Красне стала вирішальною подією. Вони підпустили вороже військо до міста, думаючи, що це вже знищений загін. Після трьох днів героїчної оборони розкрилася шокуюча картина. Тіло полковника Данила Нечая лежало у храмі поруч із братом та священниками. Вони всі потрапили під натиск ворожих сил.
Березневі жахіття та паніка польського табору
У центрі бурхливих перипетій 17 століття розгортається захоплива драма, де вирішальним фактором стала відвага та стратегічна хитрість. Події березня 1651 року в Вінниці стали відомі як “Льодове Побоїще”. І ось чому: виходячи з того, що облогу Вінниці утримував вінницький полковник Іван Богун, Калиновський намагався повторити свій успіх у Красному та Ямполі. Його план полягав в нападі з несподіваного напрямку, заздалегідь відправивши передовий загін Лянцкоронського у відповідь на смерть Данила Нечая.
Березневі морози та густі снігопади зробили просування кінного авангарду складним. З іншого боку, Іван Богун, дізнавшись про смерть Нечая, розгорнув не тільки підготовку до оборони, але й власну військову хитрість. Зранку 11 березня обидва війська стикнулися біля Вінниці. Лянцкоронський контролював передмістя та острівний замок, у той час як Богун очолював вихідців з Мурів. За напруги виїхавши з острівного замку, польська кіннота швидко врізалася в козацькі ряди. Що сталося далі, якраз і називають “Льодовим Побоїщем”. Тієї миті козаки, що відступали, виявилися неймовірною загрозою для польської армії. Панічна втеча перетворилася на небачений розгром. Багато польських воїнів потонули в крижаній воді, а обидва ротмістри, Мелешко та Кисіль, зникли безвісти.
У променях весняного сонця, яке освітлювало безкрайні поля Мурів, розгорнулася епічна сага безрезультатних штурмів, що тривали протягом цілої неділі та понеділка, 12 і 13 березня. Вражена німецька наймана піхота, відчуваючи перед собою звіриний супротив козаків, сумлінно відмовилася вступити у бій. Незважаючи на відвагу та хоробрість, полковник Богун був тоді у дуже скрутному становищі. Нерівність сил і присутність непрофесійних вояків серед захисників міста все більше додавало йому причин для хвилювань. Уночі 13 березня, за порадою легендарного козацького героя Семена Височана, було рішуче прийнято розпочати дії. Переговори з польською стороною, проваджені ротмістром Гулевичем, тривали аж до наступного дня, вівторка 14 березня.
18 березня принесло нові виклики. Коронний обозний Самуель Калиновський направився в бік Кальника з частиною військ, щоб перевірити надходження підмоги для Богуна. Два дні потому він повернувся з поганими новинами – загін під Липовцем розбитий уманським полком Йосипа Глуха. Тоді допомогу Богунові вирушив Мартин Пушкар, очолюючи Полтавський полк. У польському таборі почалася паніка. Чутки про наближення Хмельницького із усім військом розносилися дуже швидко, тому страх владарював у всіх. Тим часом Самуель Калиновський прийняв мудре рішення – рано вранці 21 березня здійснити останній, удаваний, штурм Мурів, відволікаючи увагу Богуна та не дозволяючи йому зрозуміти, що підмога вже наближається. Так і було зроблено.
Наслідки “проклятої справи”
Минув місяць завзятих боїв на Брацлавщині і коронне військо, що ступало шляхом слави, зазнало вражаючих втрат. Майже 8 тисяч вояків зникли з лав війська, а артилерійські сили зникли безповоротно. Цей похід швидко отримав назву “проклята справа”. На 24 березня залишки війська повернулися до Бару, залишивши поле битви та згаслі вогні великої артилерії.
Доля учасників цієї легендарної десятиденної битви склалася по-різному. Іван Богун, герой визначної битви під Берестечком та учасник Руїни, зазнав трагічного кінця під Новгородом-Сіверським у лютому 1664 року. Мартин Калиновський, виступаючи у ролі оборонця, зустрівся зі смертю віч-на-віч на Батозькому полі роком пізніше, коли його військо було розгромлено козацькими силами.
Підсумком цих подій стало встановлення пам’ятного знаку на острові Кемпа – хреста українсько-польського примирення. Це два хрести, що вирізьблені з одного каменя. Вони символізують два народи, що роз’єднані ворожнечею, але їх об’єднує писанка лелека – спільний життєдайний символ українців та поляків. Спроба вирішити конфлікт вилилася у символічний жертовний вівтар і визначила стосунки між народами на краще в подальшому.
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