Вівторок, 17 Лютого, 2026

Друга світова війна: як відбулась окупація Вінниччини

Друга світова війна увірвалась в СРСР несподівано для московського військового командування, а Україна і, зокрема, Вінницька область постраждали одними з перших. Наш регіон став прифронтовою зоною вже фактично після 22 червня 1941 р., пише сайт yes-vinnytsia.com.ua. Далі обговоримо, як швидко і яким чином сталося встановлення окупаційних порядків.

Стрімке захоплення в перші місяці

13 липня 1941 р. була створена військова група для оборони Вінниці, яку очолив генерал-майор Владимиров. Однак через 2 дні окремі частини німецької армії змогли прорвати захисні редути червоноармійців і почали наближатися до міста, яке тепер є нашим обласним центром. Від П’ятничанського лісу до Луки-Мелешківської була лінія оборони. 

18 липня почалися бої з німцями на околицях Вінниці з боку Барського шосе і Пирогова. Солдати Червоної армії готували мости до вибуху, розливаючи на них пальне, а потім підірвали. Однак, попри всі зусилля, оборона була не в змозі протистояти підготовленим і добре озброєним фашистам.

Захоплення відбувалося відносно легко, тому що радянська влада на той момент ще фактично не була готова до захисту підконтрольних їй територій. Для окупації Вінниччини була організована група німецької армії “Південь”. Науковець Павло Мельников в інтерв’ю виданню Depo розповів, що німці вже 20 липня були у Вінниці, а до кінця місяця встигли зайняти всю область. 

Сухопутні війська гітлерівської армії вирішили, що у Вінниці буде доречно і зручно розмістити свій штаб. Саме так німці й зробили, зайнявши спочатку лікарню імені Ющенка, а потім – побудовану для Гітлера польову тимчасову ставку, до будівництва якої залучали військовополонених, місцевих мешканців і спеціальні німецькі батальйони. Споруду завершили навесні 1942 року, а до того штаб комфортно почувався на території лікарні.

Зони

Одразу після захоплення німці стали по-своєму ділити вінницьку територію. Вони створили тут дві зони. Центральна й північна частини потрапили до складу рейхскомісаріату “Україна”, а південь віддали Румунії. Деякі “нижні” райони об’єднали з частиною Одеської і Миколаївської областей і створили свою “республіку” – Трансністрію. Як з’ясували історики, це відповідало домовленості між урядами Німеччини і Румунії, укладеної ще до нападу на СРСР.

Колабораціонізм чи ініціативна група?

Звісно, спротив окупації з боку місцевого населення був, але його швидко придушували. Та не обійшлося й без колаборантів. 

Уже 21 липня кілька освічених і шанованих людей створили ініціативну групу, яка мала на меті вести переговори з окупантами стосовно організації діяльності тутешньої міської влади. Серед них були професор медичного інституту Савостьянов, ще один професор, Махулько-Горбацевич, і інженер Бернард.

З 23 липня німці разом з колаборантами створили “Тимчасове Управління міста Вінниця”. Його роль була схожа на орган самоврядування, але, звісно, з поправками на особливості воєнного часу. “Головним” у Вінниці німці поставили штадткомісара Маргенфельда.

Дії “ініціативної групи” могли бути мотивовані бажанням відновити життєздатність міста, а також забезпечити працевлаштування місцевому населенню. Але якщо зважати на наслідки встановленого режиму, сьогодні це однозначно трактувалося б як колабораціонізм. З іншого боку, місто майже не зазнало руйнувань, на відміну від багатьох інших населених пунктів області.

Так чи інакше, приблизно 19-20 липня 1941 року гітлерівські війська почали контролювати життя місцевого населення, подекуди навіть перевершуючи за жорстокістю радянську владу. Під гнітом німецьких поневолювачів область залишилась майже на три роки.

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